An Encyclopedia of Early Civil War Virginia
Before Virginia voters cast their ballots on secession, cannon fire echoed across the York River. In May 1861, at Gloucester Point, Virginia militia fired on the USS Yankee, marking the first shots of the Civil War in Virginia and an almost-forgotten opening clash between the state and the U.S. government. On April 17, 1861, the…
Continue reading ➞ Gloucester Point and the First Shots Fired by Virginia in the Civil War
It was the first time Virginia militia opened fire on federal forces during the American Civil War, weeks before the state’s secession referendum. One private left behind a detailed recollection of this fateful moment, but there is reason to question its accuracy. It serves as a cautionary tale about why all sources should be carefully…
A small, lightly armed tugboat doesn’t sound like the kind of vessel that makes history, until it does. In the Civil War’s opening weeks, USS Yankee, under Lt. Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr., became the Navy’s eyes on the Chesapeake, scouting hostile waterways and snapping up prizes. Notable for exchanging the first shots of the Civil…
Continue reading ➞ The Role of USS Yankee in Early Civil War Naval Operations
As you probably know, this year marks 165 years since the events of 1861, and, as tradition demands, we’ll be posting an anniversary series that lets readers follow them “as they happened.” When we study history, it helps to keep the sequence clear and, as much as possible, step into the uncertainty people lived with…
In 2025, we focused heavily on the Potomac Front and completed narratives for all military actions during this time period. We added four new battle pages, bringing the total to 39. This number is unlikely to change for the foreseeable future. In addition to the 165th anniversaries coming up, I would like to go back…
In 2025, we leapfrogged past last year's accomplishments, publishing 69 blog posts containing over 57,400 words. We also published 122 new pages, including 109 transcriptions of primary sources (letters and reports). Here is a rundown of the additions to our encyclopedia in 2025: 69 blog posts 109 new primary sources 4 new battle pages (39…
Like many ex-Confederates, Thomas W. Colley wrote a memoir years after the war. And, like John Singleton Mosby, Colley enlisted in the Washington Mounted Rifles, a storied unit initially led by Capt. William E. “Grumble” Jones. He served with the company for the duration of the war and was wounded several times, ultimately losing a…
Continue reading ➞ Thomas W. Colley Recollects the Skirmish at Bunker Hill
During the American Civil War, John Singleton Mosby became a famous (or infamous) partisan leader in northern Virginia. The "Gray Ghost" vexed Union commanders and wreaked havoc behind the lines. But in the spring and summer of 1861, he was a private in the Washington Mounted Rifles, a cavalry company in J.E.B. Stuart's 1st Virginia…
Continue reading ➞ Mosby Sheds Light on What Happened Outside of Martinsburg on July 11, 1861
Through June and July 1861, the armies of Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson and Confederate Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston shadowboxed across the lower Shenandoah Valley. They fought a few incidental skirmishes, but no major battles. The stakes were high: the Shenandoah was a fertile valley rich in grain and foodstuffs, and it served as…
Continue reading ➞ Map of the Lower Shenandoah Campaign, Summer 1861
One of the fun aspects of studying history is imagining how events might have unfolded differently. The consequences of those changes can range from trivial to altering the course of an entire war. A major “what if” of the early Civil War is how the First Battle of Bull Run might have unfolded if Joseph…
Continue reading ➞ What if There had Been a Battle at Winchester in July 1861?
Spirit of '61 